Cell Biology — Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes: No membrane-bound nucleus. No membrane-bound organelles. Circular DNA. Bacteria and archaea. Smaller (1–10 μm).

Eukaryotes: Membrane-bound nucleus. Membrane-bound organelles. Linear DNA. Animals, plants, fungi, protists.

Key organelles and functions:

Nucleus — houses DNA; site of transcription

Mitochondria — ATP production (aerobic respiration); own DNA; double membrane

Ribosomes — protein synthesis; found free in cytoplasm or on rough ER

Rough ER — protein synthesis and processing; covered in ribosomes

Smooth ER — lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage

Golgi apparatus — modifies, packages, and ships proteins

Lysosomes — contain digestive enzymes; break down waste

Peroxisomes — break down fatty acids; detoxify hydrogen peroxide

Cytoskeleton — microfilaments (actin), microtubules (tubulin), intermediate filaments

Reference:

Wikipedia: Cell Biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)