Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein

DNA Replication (S phase):

Semiconservative — each new double helix has one original strand

Helicase unwinds the double helix

Primase lays down RNA primer

DNA Polymerase III adds nucleotides 5'→3'

Leading strand: continuous synthesis

Lagging strand: discontinuous Okazaki fragments

DNA Polymerase I removes primers; DNA Ligase seals nicks

Transcription (nucleus):

RNA Polymerase reads template strand 3'→5', produces mRNA 5'→3'

Pre-mRNA processing: 5' cap, poly-A tail, intron splicing (spliceosomes remove introns; exons remain)

Translation (ribosome):

Codons (3-nucleotide sequences) on mRNA specify amino acids

tRNA carries amino acids; anticodon matches mRNA codon

Ribosome has A site (incoming tRNA), P site (growing chain), E site (exit)

Start codon: AUG (methionine)

Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA

Reference:

Wikipedia: Central Dogma

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology