Evolution — Darwin & Population Genetics

Natural Selection:

Variation exists in populations

Some variations are heritable

Individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce more

Favorable traits become more common over generations

Types of selection:

Directional — favors one extreme phenotype

Stabilizing — favors intermediate phenotype; reduces variation

Disruptive — favors both extremes; increases variation

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:

p² + 2pq + q² = 1 and p + q = 1

p = frequency of dominant allele; q = frequency of recessive allele

Equilibrium conditions: no mutation, no migration, no genetic drift, no selection, random mating

Useful to calculate carrier frequencies

Mechanisms of evolution:

Mutation — source of new variation

Gene flow — movement of alleles between populations

Genetic drift — random changes in small populations (bottleneck and founder effects)

Sexual selection — mate choice drives trait evolution

Reference:

Wikipedia: Evolution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution